The Disease Of Behcet s Disease - 924 Words

In 1937, a rare disease called Behcet s Disease (BD) was first described by Dr. Hulusi Behcet, who is a dermatologist in Turkey. The disease is also known as Behcet s syndrome and described by The American Behcet s Disease Association (2014) as a rare, chronic, autoimmune, autoinflammatory disorder (American Behcet s Disease Association [ABDA], 2014). The disease, recognized worldwide, can affect multiple systems in the human body and associated with morbidity and mortality. Dr. Hulusi Behcet (2014) first described the disease as a triad of oral ulcers, genital ulcers and ocular inflammation (ABDA, 2014). The epidemiology behind this disease indicates its prevalence in multiple countries. It is less prevalent in the United States and Western Europe. According to National Organization for Rare Disorders (2015),the highest prevalence rate, 80-370 cases per 100,000, of this disease is in Turkey, as well as in Japan, Korea, China, Iran and Saudi Arabia (National Organization for Rare Dis orders [NORD], 2015). According to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, the disease affects more men than women in Middle Eastern and Asian countries. However, it affects more women than men in the United States (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease [NIAMS], 2015). It can develop in people of all ages but it tends to develop in people between the ages of 20 to 40. The Behcet s disease symptoms vary from personShow MoreRelatedGenetic Factors And Its Effects On The Silk Road763 Words   |  4 Pagesprevalence of BD varied between 20 and 421 per 100 000 in adults with a higher frequency detected in Anatolia compared to Europe [12]. BD is considered as both autoimmune disease and autoinflammatory disorder. It is thought that common environmental factors play a role in development of BD, however it is suggested that onset of disease occurs only in genetically predisposed individuals. Genetic factors have been scrutinized widely in BD. Familial aggregation studies in patients with BD suggest a strongRead MoreOrganizing Pneumonia Associated With Anticonvulsant Hypersensitivity Syndrome Induced By Lamotrigine1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthe left lung (Figure1). She was treated as infectious pneumonia with oral antibiotic. She started to have respiratory distress and needed oxygen to maintain her saturation. We obtained a chest CT which revealed multifocal patchy areas of airspace disease with ground glass-haziness appearance on both lower lobes with mediastinal lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion (Figures 2, 3 4). Her temperature continued to spike and she deteriorated in her respiratory status, worsening neutropenia, anemia andRead MoreCase Study of a Patient with Periodontal Disease Essay2081 Words   |  9 Pagesuse or smoking cessation, genetic predisposition, immunology, haematinic deficiency (iron, folate and vitamin B12), underlying systemic disorders, skin disorders or autoimmune diseases. (Scully, Medical Problems in Dentistry, 2010). Some may result due to malignant conditions and few may be due to underlying systemic diseases. In this case there is evidence to support this lesion is pertaining to that of a recurrent aphthous ulcer, as the patient is a non-smoker and reports to suffer anxiety. Additionally

History of the Indian Rupee - 2823 Words

The currency of India is the rupee. Rupee is derived from the Sanskrit rupyakam which means coin of silver (Indian Rupee). The rupee has transitioned through several governing bodies over its recorded history. Each transitional phase can be traced by the examples of the rupee notes as follows: early private and semi-governmental banks, Government of India, King George V, King George VI, Indo-French Territories, Indo-Portuguese Territories, Prisoner-of-War Coupons, Princely States, cash coupons of Princely States, and post Independent India (Indian Currency Collector Online). Early Private and Semi-Governmental Banks (1770-1861 A.D.) The European traders, especially those with the East India Company, were familiar with using paper†¦show more content†¦Bombays sub-circles were Akola and Karachi, Calcuttas sub-circles were Lahore, Allahabad and Cawnpur, and Madrass sub-circles were Vizagapatam, Cocinada and Trichinopoly (Jhunjhunwalla Online). The first series of notes issued under the act of 1861 carried the portrait of Queen Victoria, but those designs were quickly modified to account for the original simplicity. The notes were printed on watermarked paper in England and included the signatures of Lord Canning (The Viceroy) and Samuel Laving (the successor Finance Member). The denominations of these notes were: Rs. 10, Rs. 20, Rs. 50, Rs. 100, Rs. 500 and Rs. 1,000 (Indian Currency Collector). In the early 1900s as paper currency grew in popularity, the notes were universalized to ease the restrictions on cashing the notes only within originating circle(s). The restrictions were eased gradually, with the smaller denominations being universalized first. The issuing circle name continued to be printed on the notes, either in full or as initials (Keynes p.44). King George V (1917-1932 A.D.) The crisis of precious metal supplies during World War I in 1917 lead to the first notes featuring King George Vs picture. The government also issued lower denominations of the rupee for the first time, specifically the Rs. 1 and Rs. 2.5. During the 1920s, notes featuring King George Vs portrait were issued in Rs. 10 and Rs. 5 denominations (Indian CurrencyShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Indian Rupee As An Exchange Rate2332 Words   |  10 PagesExchange rate regime in Indian Context History of Indian Rupee as an exchange rate Only once as an independent nation India had choice of a exchange rate being defined as Indian rupee with reference to its foreign country trade partners. After successful independence and followed by constitution of India effect from 26th January 1950, India followed an exchange rate system which Indian Rupee linked to the British Pound Sterling. This system of exchange rate regime continues until mid- 1970’s, thisRead MoreCurrency Depreciation1580 Words   |  7 PagesWe discuss the currency depreciation vs. devaluation. Also, discuss the impact of currency depreciation from Indian economy perspective. Currency Depreciation amp; Impact Rajesh Kanjani (34473) rajesh.kanjani@hotmail.com SIBM Exe. MBA (2011-2014) Currency Devaluation vs. Depreciation The devaluation and deprecation of currency go more or less hand in hand. Currency depreciation is an economic result, whereas devaluing a currency is an act that results in currency depreciation. Many a timesRead MoreComparison Between Jamaica and India1742 Words   |  7 PagesJAMAICA INDIA: A COMPARISON Jamaica India: A Comparison Abstract The paper provides a comparative analysis of Jamaica and India. Several important aspects of each countrys culture and history are examined. The paper assesses the risk and the advantage of conducting business with countries with histories of imperial rule and civil struggle. After providing a brief, yet comprehensive view of each country, the paper ultimately concludes that any business conducted with any country come with moderateRead MoreWhat Is The Geography Of India1307 Words   |  6 PagesCanada: Approx â…“ (India is 3.1 million sq km, CAN 9,984,670) Population: 1.324 billion World Region: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan. Capital City: New Delhi Currency: Rupee [1 CAN$ = 50.09 Indian Rupee (INR)], 1 Rupee = 100 Paise Languages spoken: Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9% English is theRead MoreConversion of Rupees5275 Words   |  22 PagesA PAPER On â€Å"CONVERTIBILITY OF INDIAN RUPEE† By, Sr. No | Name | PRN | 1 | Mr. Sachin Jadhav | 15020448102 | 2 | Mr. Santosh Ghongade | 15020448103 | 3 | Mr. Rajan Batra | 15020448104 | 4 | Mr. Narayan P.S | 15020448105 | 5 | Mr. Sameep Gadkari | 15020448106 | 6 | Mr. Nandkumar | 15020448015 | 7 | Mr. Bhushan Patil | 15020448027 | 8 | Mr.Vikrant Birje | 15020448056 | Guided By, Prof.S.K.Vaze International Financing Read MoreThe Indian National Congress ( Inc )3760 Words   |  16 PagesIn May 2014, Indian politics took a historic step into a new direction. Since the beginning of Indian independence from Great Britain, there have been two dominant political parties that controlled progression of the nation. The Indian National Congress (INC), one of those parties, was led by the Gandhi family predominantly. The Bharatiya Janata Party, or BJP, contrasted the INC in almost every possible way. Nationalist leaders emerged from the working class and opposed INC actions. These two partiesRead MoreReliance Industry Limited : An Indian Conglomerate Company982 Words   |  4 PagesReliance Industry Limited is an indian conglomerate company whose headquarter is in Mumbai,Maharashtra,Indi- a.The company operates in these 5 sectors—exploration and production,refining and marketing,petrochemicals,re- tails and telecommunications.But in recent time this company has expanded it’s busi ness in India in construction,energy,health care,textile.The company was co-founded by Dhirubhai Ambani and his cousin champak- lal Damani in 1960s as Reliance commercial corporation. After his deathRead MoreThe Effect of Euro Crisis on India2405 Words   |  10 PagesIt is only wise to be prepared for the worst after the unsavoury experience of 2008 and 2009 during which many professionals were laid off in different parts of the country though the economy was not significantly affected. 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Formative Period: 1978-1992 ...........................................................................................Read MorePhases of the History of India Essay720 Words   |  3 PagesHISTORY OF ORIGIN The history can be divided into four phases: 1898 to 1957 The first motorcar on the streets of India was seen in 1898. In 1903, an American company began a public taxi service with a fleet of 50 cars in Mumbai. For about 50 years after the first car arrived in India, cars were directly imported until foreign manufacturers began to realize the vast potential India had with its vast distances and large population. Before world war-1, around 4,000 motor vehicles were imported. During

Compensation and Benefits Essay - 1427 Words

Course Project The Compensation and Benefits of the Dooly County School System [pic] Renee Bowens HRM430 Professor Eureka Hampton August 16, 2009 DeVry University Abstract This report will show what compensation and benefits are offered to the employees of Dooly County. It will also show how a sick leave bank would benefit the employees that have exhausted their sick and personal leave days in order to care for themselves or their families. I hope this paper will show readers that although Dooly County is a small rural county, they can compete with other school systems with their compensation and benefits. The Dooly County School System is a small organization that employs from 200 to 300 employees. These employees†¦show more content†¦The superintendent, directors, principals, clerical staff, and maintenance workers receive ten (10) days vacations. Custodians that are twelve-month employees receive five (5) days paid vacation. Twelve-month employees receive their vacation days at the start of the new fiscal year which begins on July 1st. â€Å"Benefits available through payroll deductions are classified as two types (mandatory or voluntary† (Personnel Handbook, 2008). Mandatory deductions are required by law. The mandatory reductions are federal income tax withholding and state income tax withholding, teacher’s retirement, public school employees retirement, social security/old age, survivors death insurance tax, and Medicare tax. â€Å"All full time employees have the opportunity to elect to participate in voluntary deductions† (Personnel Handbook, 200 8). Some of the voluntary deductions include dental insurance, credit union, disability insurance, life insurance, medical/hospitalization, and etc. Although the compensation and benefits that the school system in Dooly County provides for their employees are good, there is always room for improvement. A benefit that would help the employees would be a sick leave bank or donated leave pool. â€Å"The purpose of the donated leave pool is to provide a means or employees to donate and receive paid leave to alleviate hardships caused to an employee or the employee’s family if an illness or injury forces and employee to exhaust all earned leave time†Show MoreRelatedCompensation And Benefits Of Compensation Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesCompensation Benefit The compensation and benefits department is usually responsible for the  transparency in the compensation practices  in the organization and keeping the internal fairness of the total cash. The compensation and benefits has to supervise the development of new compensation components and keeping the general rules for the design of the compensation component. The compensation and benefits department is responsible for the personnel expenses budget of the organizationRead MoreCompensation And Benefits Of Compensation1791 Words   |  8 Pagestalk about compensation among organizations and employees in today’s work environment. Questions such as, what is the cost to the organization and what will be the organizations return on their compensation investment, are common among questions being asked among organizations. Because of all this, there has been a variety of different pay compensations put into place in the work force. The following paragraphs will talk about one company, Bumpbie, and how a strategic compensation plan, integratedRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Compensation Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesCompensation is output and the benefit that employee receives in the form of pay, wages and also same rewards like monetary exchange for the employee’s to increases the performance Holt, 1993). Compensation is the segment of transition between the employee and the owner that the outcomes employee contract. As the prospective of employee pay is the necessary of life. The payment receives from work done on the behalf of people getting the employment. From the employee prospective one of the most importantRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Compensation913 Words   |  4 PagesCompensation is how a company decides what is important to meet their company’s goals. There are three components when it comes to compensation. Direct, indirect, and nonfinancial are the three ways of letting the employees know the company’s values, while still letting the employees feel important. When many employees feel like they are part of the process of making the company a success, they are more likely to work harder. Companies need to be more strategic when it comes to setting up the operationsRead MoreCompensation and Benefits1695 Words   |  7 Pages | |Compensation and Benefits | |Human Resource Management Coures | | Employee compensation and benefits are critical factors in the new hire acceptance process andRead MoreCompensation and Benefits1475 Words   |  6 PagesCompensation and Benefits Lisa Epps BUS303 Human Resources Due Date Ashford University There are many people that would choose their life career around the benefits and compensation they may receive. Compensation is known as human resources function that deals with every type of rewards that one may receive in return for performing organizational tasks.()1 Do to these rewards such as compensations; turn-over can be affected in the workforce. If an employee did not feel they valued at theRead MoreCompensation and Benefits2497 Words   |  10 Pagesto acknowledge the importance of compensation and benefit strategies used in organizations all around the world. Compensation and Benefits are used by different organisations globally to attract, motivate and retain their employees. This paper contains a case studies, summary and analysis of academic journals and books to understand the latest trends in compensation and benefits field. The three primary components which are used in designing a strategic compensation plan are listed. During the courseRead MoreCompensation Benefits1892 Words   |  8 PagesCompensation Benefits BUS455 Final Exam This is an open book and open notes exam. You may use whatever materials you feel necessary. I strongly recommend that you refer to the text and Lecture Notes that you read. There are a total of sixty (60) points available on this exam. Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following is least likely to be used as a skill-based certification method? a. tests b. college degree c. peer review d. on-the-job demonstration 2) An inappropriate way to assessRead MoreCompensation and Benefits2496 Words   |  10 PagesCompensation and Benefits: Methods, Strategies and Performances LaTonya Hopes This paper is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Human Resource Administration BUS 5273-50 Texas Woman s University School of Management Dr. Derek Crews February 8, 2013 Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 LiteratureRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Employee Compensation1395 Words   |  6 PagesEmployee compensation is all forms of pay and rewards which are received by employees for completing their job duties as outlined by their employer. Compensation is classified two ways, direct and indirect compensation. Direct compensation covers wages and salaries, bonuses, commissions and incentives. With indirect compensation, benefits are supplied by employers, and nonfinancial compensation includes recognition, rewarding jobs, and flexible work hours in order to accommodate each person’s own

Management Research in the Hospitality free essay sample

The hostile-adoption environment (Cooper, 2006). This is especially characteristic of vocational businesses and small businesses, since the application of KM demands a large amount of time and money. 3. No clear applicability for hospitality and tourism service and inter-organizational perspectives (Grizelj, 2003). Since the concepts of KM are developed largely from a manufactured and multinational perspective (Nonaka Takeuchi, 1995), it has failed to take many aspects of hospitality and tourism services into account. Grizelj (2003) points out that KM concepts do not bring up the hospitality and tourism issues based on networks and lack an inter-organizational perspective. 1 In order to remain competitive, hospitality and tourism companies must adopt the KM approach (Ruhanen Cooper, 2004). As customers become more experienced at finding the best deals for hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, and tourist destinations, the hospitality and tourism organizations face increasingly intense worldwide competition. Considering the severe competition and the nature of the industry, employees and managers have to acquire more knowledge, in order to consistently provide the best deals and service to customers. What is more, customers’ preferences can be various and changeable, requiring employees and managers to understand the changes and continue to provide the best experience (Hallin Marnburg, 2008). However, the question often posed is: What kind of knowledge should be obtained in order to gain competitive advantage (Ruhanen Cooper, 2004). In recent years, research on KM topics has become more and more popular. However, the contributions of research on KM in the hospitality and tourism industry are limited (Pyo, 2005; Ruhanen Cooper, 2004). Much of the published KM research on tourism and hospitality topics fails to identify possible outcomes (Ruhanen Cooper, 2004), while other research focuses only on anecdotal case studies and make no contribution to the academic field or the industry, as the studies are mainly company and operationally focused (Cooper, Shepherd and Westlake, 1994; Ruhanen Cooper, 2004). Bouncken and Pyo (2002) indicated that most of the studies on hospitality and tourism KM are not empirical, but conceptual and practical. They believe this tendency is because of the short history of research on KM in the industry. Hallin and Marnburg (2008) reviewed empirical research on KM in the hospitality and tourism industry before 2006. They provided the first survey of empirical KM research in the hospitality and 2 tourism field, and suggested that the published empirical research studies lacked theoretical foundation and methodology, and that there is a great need for further empirical KM research in the hospitality and tourism context. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to identify research trends and direction of scholarly research in hospitality and tourism KM and analyze the potential contributions of published scholarly studies via systematic content analysis. This study will analyze KM research articles focusing on hospitality and tourism, such as the use of KM in the hospitality workplace. The research objectives are as follows: 1. Carry out a content analysis of the related literature between 2006 and 2010 (the period before 2006 was covered in the study by Hallin and Marnburg (2008)), 2. Compare the new findings with Hallin and Marnburg’s findings to determine the current direction of KM research and identify any changes in the pattern of research studies. For example, Hallin and Marnburg assert that empirical KM research is limited prior to 2006. This study seeks to identify changes in methodologies employed by the articles included in the period studied. 3. Tabulate KM related research methodologies used and subject matters in the hospitality and tourism studies to identify research trends. Given the research objectives listed above, three research questions have emerged after an initial review of related literature: 1. Is the knowledge management research in hospitality and tourism still limited in terms of empirical research? 3 2. What are the current research trends and direction in terms of methodologies used? 3. What are the current research trends and direction in terms of subject matters? Significance of the Study An initial review of existing research literature on KM studies reveals that there is no comprehensive content analysis of such studies focusing on hospitality and tourism. With the exception of Hallin and Marnburg’s study (2008), there is no empirical review of scholarly journals that identifies KM research articles focusing on hospitality and tourism. Moreover, no study to date has replicated Hallin and Marnburg’s content analysis study or documented the progress of hospitality and tourism KM research since 2006. Thus, there is a need for content analysis of research literature to identify the current direction and trends of published KM research in hospitality and tourism. This study aims to give a comprehensive review and identification of hospitality and tourism research articles that focus on KM. Content analysis is used to identify research methodology, year of publication, source of the contribution and other descriptive characteristics. 4 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction The literature review consists of three sections: knowledge, knowledge management (KM), and the importance of and barriers to applying KM. The first section reviews the background of knowledge as a field of study, and different categories of knowledge are discussed. The second section deals with the concept and history of KM and reviews KM research in the hospitality and tourism industry. The third section identifies the importance of and challenges for KM applications in the hospitality and tourism industry. Knowledge Knowledge is the most significant asset of an organization (Buckley Carter, 2002). Burton, DeSanctis, and Obel (2006) define knowledge as â€Å"information that corresponds to a particular context† (p. 92). Petkovic and Miric (2009) consider this definition to be of great importance as it makes clear the difference between information and knowledge. Knowledge is composed of many related groups of information, while not every piece of information can be regarded as knowledge. Only those pieces of information which help to improve the level of organizational learning can be considered as knowledge. Knowledge can be stored in many forms, including documents, books or human minds. Each of these forms of knowledge can be used to indicate the knowledge of a business regarding products, service, customers and competitors (Petkovic Miric, 2009). The lowest to highest levels of knowledge are data, information, knowledge, understanding, and wisdom. 5 Categories of Knowledge There are several different forms of knowledge. Whitehill (1997) includes a typology of knowledge: know how (habitual knowledge), know what (encoded knowledge), know who (collaboration knowledge), know why (scientific knowledge), know when and where (process knowledge), and care why (communal knowledge). However, Scott and Laws (2006) pointed out that this kind of typology neglects problems of ownership. At an organizational level, Zack (1999a) distinguishes between three kinds of knowledge: core knowledge, which is the primary understanding of the company in the industry; advanced knowledge, which is the knowledge necessary for distinction by companies in the industry; and innovative knowledge, which is knowledge used by the company to develop new products and affect the dynamics of the industry. This kind of knowledge classification requires employees and managers not only to know things, but also to take action (Zack, 1999b; Shin, Holden, Schmidt, 2001). Of all the different categorizations of knowledge, the system described by Polanyi (1966) is the most influential. Polanyi differentiates between tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is personal and complicated, and is about physical capabilities, skills, and values that developed through experience (Leonard Sensiper, 1998). Explicit knowledge, on the other hand, can be easily codified and transferred into books, reports and documents (Lathi, 2000). Unlike explicit knowledge, tacit knowledge is difficult to formalize, interpret and transfer from one person or group to another (Shaw Williams, 2009). It should come as no surprise that tacit knowledge is given much more attention, Polanyi (1966) explains, since tacit knowledge is obtained and learned through intuition and experience rather than through reasoning and observation. Shaw 6 and Williams (2009) believed that it is because tacit knowledge is so difficult to imitate that makes it a key means by which companies gain a competitive advantage. Knowledge Management The Concept of Knowledge Management While the definition of KM is still developing (Penrose, 1959; Polanyi, 1958; Simon, 1968), the philosophy remains a simple one: Use knowledge to gain competitive advantage (Davenport Prusak, 1998). As a competitive tool, the essence of the KM process is to identify, capture, transfer and share relevant knowledge, ensuring that organizations increase competitiveness and obtain maximum benefits (Bahra, 2001). Companies use benchmarks to examine, understand and compare their work performance with that of their key competitors (Lee, 2008). Training to employees, information systems and KM are the most common benchmarks criteria. And the process of KM is often connected with organization goals. Moreover, human capital is a valuable asset to organizations and the fundamental function of KM is to management this valuable asset in the organizations. Dosi, Nelson and Winter (2002) have determined that there is increasing agreement on the definition of KM. They point out that practitioners and academics view the meaning of KM differently. Academics consider KM to be a complex combination of subjects, including information technology, business administration, and management. Practitioners, by contrast, see KM as a way to leverage knowledge within a company in order to meet business goals, such as achieving competitive advantage and maximum profit (Dosi et al. , 2002; Nonaka, 2008). 7 KM is considered a competitive advantage because it is a tool for organizations to improve organizational productivity, creativity, reputations, innovation and ultimately enhance organizational profits (Ward Le, 1996). KM improves productivity by better utilizing intellectual capital, reducing costs and improving efficiency (Sherman, 2000). There are three kinds of intellectual capital: human, customer and structural capital. Structural capital means all other capital expect human capital, such as hardware, software and patents (Edvinsson Malone, 1997). The History of Knowledge Management There are three clear phases in the development of KM, starting with information systems and developing into knowledge society (Sveiby, 2001). The first phase, beginning in the 1960s, focused on information technology (Tuomi, 2002). During this phase, organizations developed ways to use the large amount of available information to improve productivity. In the second phase, during the mid-to late 1980s, businesses had become more market-driven than production-driven. During this period, when the awareness of market and service quality was greatly increased, customers began to seek the best deals on products and services (Jafari, 1990). During this phase, some organizations became highly competitive using KM initiatives such as tapping knowledge stocks (Cooper, 2006; Sveiby, 2001). The third phase began in the mid- to late 1990s, and has continued into the present. In this phase, due to the distribution, production and use of information, there has been a new shift from an information-based to a knowledge economy (Jones, 2001). With the development of technology, innovation and new products/services are introduced in this knowledge economy. Of these three phases, 8 Cooper (2006) believes that the third â€Å"has the most† to offer to the hospitality and tourism industry (p. 50). Knowledge Management Applications Kabene, King and Skaini (2006) state that there are six areas of KM applications: transactional, asset management, process based, analytical, innovation and developmental. Ward and Le (1996) believe E-learning is one of the most imperative KM approaches, as it allows the employees to have the training anywhere at any time. Yahya and Goh (2002) point out generally there are two KM approaches. They are centralized KM and decentralized KM. They also introduced two companies: SevenEleven in Tokyo and BP. Seven-Eleven is an example of centralized KM approach, and this centralized KM relies on a central system to capture and store all the available knowledge. BP, which uses the decentralized KM approach, focuses on knowledge sharing in the organization. E-learning, a computer-based training, has been introduced to many hospitality and tourism companies. Hospitality and tourism companies use E-learning to enhance customer service and information management. For example, Holiday Inn uses computer technology to investigate the needs of training and let employees to choose training schedules and contents. Although E-learning can be beneficial to organizations, some small and mid-size organizations may face challenges in applying it. Small or mid-size organizations are not able to afford the computer technology systems (Harris, 1995). Call (2005) introduces the KM system adopted by Ritz-Carlton Hotel. This KM system consists of best service and practices from employees in each department of the 9 hotel and is updated annually. The hotel management views the employees as the most crucial component of KM. Furthermore, Singapore Airlines invested a lot of money on improving its knowledge networks. It used this system to predict the flight tickets supply and demand. This welldeveloped knowledge network help the airline company maximize tickets sales (Goh, 2007). Knowledge Management Research in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry Since the 1990s, KM has become a popular topic for researchers. However, the hospitality and tourism industry has not followed this trend until recently (Cooper, 2006). KM is primarily thought of from a multinational and manufacturing perspective, therefore, it fails to consider many aspects of the hospitality and tourism industry (Nonaka Takeuchi, 1995). Unlike other industries, hospitality and tourism companies need to work with a variety of other industries, such as the service industry, to work out the service products (Hallin Marnburg, 2008). As a result, when working in a hospitality and tourism context, KM concepts need to be extended to consider interorganizational issues. Cooper (2006) notes that the two approaches of the academic and the practitioner should be combined into a single and clear definition: for the hospitality and tourism sector, KM is the process of gaining competitive advantage by allocating knowledge assets within companies. Employees are very important to hospitality and tourism organizations. Employees performance has a huge impact on organizational performance. Also the performance of employees can greatly affect the implication of KM. In order to effectively adopt KM approach to organizations, human resource needs to foster a KM culture that encourages 10 KM applications. Yahya and Goh (2002) examined the relationship between human resource and KM, and found that training and performance appraisals are greatly associated with KM. What is more, organizations use KM approach to retain employees and enhance customer satisfaction (Cooper, 2006). Hospitality and tourism knowledge is heavily labor dependent and employees use their knowledge in providing thebest experience for customers, therefore, it is crucial that companies use KM approach to retain employees and customer satisfactory. Customer satisfaction and loyalty are the most important factors to the success of a hotel. Hospitality and tourism employees have direct contact with customers. It is especially important for employees to have the knowledge about customer preferences and how to provide the best service (Bouncken, 2002). Scholars point out that KM can greatly influence training. Delaney and Huselid (1996) pointed out that organizations should align training with the goals and strategies of the organization. The purpose of training is to share knowledge with employees, who can use it to improve performance (Frash, Antun, Kline, Almanza, 2010). KM can help human resource specialists identify training needs in order to provide the right training to the right person. Training in hospitality and tourism organizations is imperative, as the majority of employees have direct contact with customers and organizations want to ensure that employees provide service that will attract new customers and retain returning customers (Nightingale, 1985). However, it is crucial for hospitality and tourism companies to decide the proper training method to meet the objectives. Because of the 11 budget, time and availability of training personnel, sometimes training do not solve the specific training problems (Froiland, 1993). Researchers agree that KM enables employees to be innovative about the company’s products and services. In order to be competitive, hospitality and tourism organizations need to produce new products and be creative about service (Cooper, 2006). By acquiring, sharing and transferring the required knowledge, KM leads employees to be creative, ultimately leading organizations to gain competitive advantage (Bouncken, 2002). Although the studies on KM in the hospitality and tourism sector have been limited, the businesses in the industry are increasingly reliant on the KM approach to improve performance and gain competitive advantage (Leiper, 2004). Due to the increased use of information technology (IT) and systems, hospitality and tourism services have become knowledge-based. Sheldon (1997) notes that the hospitality and tourism sector is one of the largest users of IT. As a result, it is imperative for hospitality and tourism organizations to encourage and learn from KM research in order to distinguish an organization from its competitors. Importance of and Barriers to Applying Knowledge Management Many scholars believe that the KM approach is a crucial tool for hospitality and tourism companies wishing to gain competitive advantages (Cooper, 2005; Jafari, 1990). In light of rapid changes to the economy, hospitality and tourism companies are facing serious problems: increasing operating uncertainty, changing customer preferences, shorter service product life cycles, and complicated intrusive constraints. KM is an important solution to those problems (Scott Laws, 2006). 12 By following the knowledge management approach, companies can make better plans for the future, reach a better level of decision making, and ultimately increase competitiveness and gain maximum benefits (Cooper, 2002; Roos Roos, 1997). Other industries, such as the space and computer industries, have been using KM tools for a long time. Many successful corporations have even set up research and development departments for collecting and analyzing data (Gupta McDaniel, 2002). These data can help corporations to acquire useful information with which to make short-term and longterm decisions. Therefore, KM is the key to gaining competitive advantage. Because hospitality and tourism organizations face a more complicated reality than other organizations (Lemelin, 2006), these organizations should also engage in KM processes. The literature on KM fails to consider many hospitality and tourism issues (Grizelj, 2003). KM research therefore needs to be improved to meet the specific requirements of the hospitality and tourism industry. Furthermore, managers are often faced with too many unclear and complicated KM concepts and implementation processes (Bouncken Pyo, 2002; Yun, 2004). Delphi, conducting a survey about knowledge management with its practitioners, found that the future of KM would be greatly influenced by the practitioners’ ability to prove its benefits, obtain management support, and recognize the core knowledge (Plummer Armitage, 2007). Simply understanding the process of KM does not lead to gaining competitive advantage and generating profits. Knight and Howes (2003) think that the applications of KM are to improve business performance and meet the corporate missions. As a result, it is important to establish the connection between business strategy and KM in the early planning stages in order to apply KM system in all business operations and plans (Wiig, 13 1997). In this way, the best possible knowledge can be made available at every level of activity. Two more barriers to KM application are cost and time. The KM process requires a change in management, and companies have to put a huge amount of money into the process and wait for the results (Cooper, 2006). Hospitality and tourism organizations are kept busy with daily jobs, and may not have time for identifying and planning from the available knowledge. Although it is easy to accumulate information in hospitality and tourism organizations, employees and managers, especially those from small and midsize companies, cannot easily derive the relevant information from all the information available to them (Gupta McDaniel, 2002). Finally, the very nature of the industry poses a challenge to the transfer of knowledge in the hospitality and tourism sector (Cooper, 2006). Davenport and Prusak (1998) and Hjalager (2002) demonstrate that different cultures and different community practices lead to be a lack of reliance between the knowledge producer and those who use the knowledge. KM research is of primary importance to the hospitality and tourism industry and will benefit hospitality and tourism organizations. KM research can help companies adopt KM processes in their daily work and enhance the level of organizational learning. It may also have direct applications to business operations. The consensus among researchers is that KM research should continue to improve the issues described in previous studies.

Financial Instrument Disclosure in Industry †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Financial Instrument Disclosure in Industry. Answer: Introduction Australian Accounting standards are accounting standards that are set by the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) which is in charge of formulating and maintaining accounting standards in Australian (Azoor-Hughes, 2011). The AASB is an independent standard setter and has its headquarters in Melbourne. The AASB continuously develop high quality management and understandable accounting standards in the best interests of the public. The standards are required to have transparent and comparable information in the general purpose of financial statement. The AASB 9 is set to replace AASB 139 starting 1 January 2018. The following write up will briefly outline the AASB 9 and AASB 139 accounting standards. It will also discuss the importance of AASB 9 and it difference with AASB 139. The AASB 9 was developed in 2009 to replace AASB 139 which was adopted in 1 January 2006. The AASB 139 Financial Instruments was developed in recognize and measure financial liabilities and assets management. These standards of accounting had several shortcomings on it adoption that led to development of AASB 9. The AASB 9 Financial Instruments was developed in 2009 where several amendments have been made over the years. The AASB 9 was amended in 2010, 2013 and 2014. The AASB 9 contains all amended that have been made in Financial Instruments in recognizing and measuring financial liabilities and financial assets. Therefore, AASB 9 is an amendment of AASB 139 to provide a more concise and understandable classification, recognition, and measurement of financial liabilities and financial assets in financial statement when preparing annual reports. First, AASB 9 will introduce flexibility in the accounting standards when undertaking hedge accounting. The AASB 9 provides entity stakeholders to make decisions when handling range of activities that are risky. Secondly, AASB 9 classifies financial assets and liabilities in categories that make it easier to calculate and measure these items in financial statements (Jin, Shan, Taylor, 2015). This also enables the calculations of provisions for impairments. First, there are only two categories of financial assets in AASB 9 as opposed to four categories in AASB 139.; Previously, the financial categories included; fair value through profit or loss, loans and receivables, held to mature and available for sale financial assets. The AASB has amortized cost and fair value categories of financial assets. The financial assets will be classified based on the characteristics of contractual cash flow and objective of the organizations business model that has been outlined to manage financial assets (AASB, 2014). This change in the AASB has an impact on the accounting for financial investment. Secondly, AASB 9 permits irrevocable of elections to initial; recognitions to show losses and gains on investments to equity instruments. This has to be done when not trading with another comprehensive income. This accounting standard will require dividends from the investment to be recognized as loss or profit and there is no impairment (AASB, 2015). This is different from AASB 139 Third, AASB 9 requires financial assets to be designated and be measured at fair value. This is done through loss or profit at initial recognition. These changes will eliminate or reduce recognition or measurement management inconsistency that occurs when measuring liabilities or assets, or recognition of losses and gains from financial assets (Birt, Rankin, Song, 2013). Conclusion AASB 9 is an amendment of AASB 139 that seeks to improve the accounting standards in the Australian accounting system for financial reporting. AASB 9 contains changes on classifications, measurement, and calculations of different financial assets in financial statements. AASB 9 has also introduced flexibility in hedge accounting. The changes made in AASB 9 will enable users of financial information to make informed decision as a result of consistent and understandable financial information from financial reports. References Azoor-Hughes, D. (2011). The next wave of financial reporting changes:[In 2012, directors will have to prepare for another wave of accounting changes.]. Company Director, 27(11), 34. AASB, C. A. S. (2015). Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures. AASB, C. A. S. (2014). Financial Instruments. Project Summary. Birt, J., Rankin, M., Song, C. L. (2013). Derivatives use and financial instrument disclosure in the extractives industry. Accounting Finance, 53(1), 55-83. Jin, K., Shan, Y., Taylor, S. (2015). Matching between revenues and expenses and the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 35, 90-107.

Sample APA Essay on IPIP Neo Review

Sample APA Essay on IPIP Neo ReviewSample APA Essay on IPIP Neo Review can help you get a better understanding of the typical questions that are posed by your interviewer. In particular, it can also serve as an answer to the more common questions about your background and the industry where you are currently working. Moreover, this sample can help you get an idea of how you will have to present your answer to the questions that you may be asked during the interview.Before getting started with your own sample, it is important that you know exactly what you will be dealing with when reading the example of sample APA Essay on IPIP Neo review. Firstly, you should know what the name of the organization is. The Association of Independent Personal Assistants (AIPA) is an organization that provides professional counseling for people who want to work as personal assistants. In most cases, this company's applicant pool is limited to women and disabled individuals.Secondly, it will be beneficia l for you to know exactly what is meant by 'a case study.' A case study is a structured unit where you are asked to read the answers of an individual to questions such as those mentioned above. Therefore, you should prepare yourself for the kind of questions that are likely to be posed during the interview.Thirdly, it is important that you know exactly what the objectives of the organization are and how the needs of its clientele to match up with the organization's objectives. The objective of the Association of Independent Personal Assistants is to promote the values of self-esteem, competence, independence, justice, fairness, equity, and social responsibility in all individuals who are seeking employment as personal assistants. It is also clear that the requirements of this organization, which include certain courses and skill-training programs, are necessary to enable its members to fulfill their responsibilities.Fourthly, you should know exactly what the organization's objective s are. The Organization of Independent Personal Assistant Education and Training (OIPATE) is an organization whose goal is to promote awareness about the needs of the profession through education and training for individuals who are interested in becoming personal assistants. According to its mission statement, the goals of the organization are to expand the profession to include everyone in the world and to promote the development of personal assistance by providing skills-training opportunities, training in ethics and good personal care practices, continuing education, and research.Fifthly, you should know exactly what the Organization of Independent Personal Assistant (OIPA) is all about. The Association of Independent Personal Assistants is an organization that provides professional counseling for people who want to work as personal assistants. In most cases, this company's applicant pool is limited to women and disabled individuals.Finally, you should know that when taking the sample, you will not only be reviewing the answers given by other candidates. You should also read through the sample as well. During the interview, you should pay special attention to the process for producing the final APA Essay on IPIP Neo Review. You should pay attention to the writing style and structure, as well as to the formatting guidelines that are spelled out in the document.Having a clear understanding of the goals and objectives of the Association of Independent Personal Assistant (AIPA) and of the Organization of Independent Personal Assistant Education and Training (OIPATE) can help you to write a better sample of APA Essay on IPIP Neo Review. By having these two organizations at your side throughout the process, you will be more confident in the end.

Harlem Slums As A Result Of The Urbanization Of America Essays

Harlem Slums as a Result of the Urbanization of America Harlem Slums as a Result of the Urbanization of America In comparison with the European urban heritage, which stretches back roughly 5500 years, the American transformation from village to city was achieved in an amazingly short space of time. From the eighteenth century on, Americans experienced the painful yet rewarding metamorphosis of an agrarian nation becoming an urban industrial giant that left few of her political, economic, and social institutions untouched, be they the farm, the factory, or the family. In 1790, for example, only a little over 4 percent of the American population lived in cities; today 70 percent of Americans live in urban areas. Richard Hofstadter summed it up well: "The United States was born in the country and has moved to the city (Handlin 3)." The rough, harsh and crowded lives of the Harlem slums and discrimination against Negroes are just a few of the many results of the urbanization of America. Negroes moved to the city, away from their farm lives, to work in factories as America industrialized. With all the Negroes and other immigrants coming to Industrialized parts of America Negro communities, such as Harlem, were formed. With the slums came discrimination for the Negro migrants. The white people, who had occupied industrial cities first, saw Negroes as lesser beings. They believed that it was okay for them to be treated unfairly due to the color of their skin. This was the belief that parents of white children wanted them to have. It was documented that children who intermingled with Negroes at some public schools saw them to be okay and decent, but the parents of these children discouraged this kind of thinking and told their children that they had had the wrong attitude towards Negroes. As a result of blacks in some public schools, many white children were sent to private schools. This was just the beginning of discrimination towards black people during the Urbanization of America. The following quotation suggests the whites superiority over the inferior Negroes: I have no prejudice against the colored people. I have always had colored servants and nurse girls for my children and I like them. I have never known them to be dishonest. My husband employs seven colored men and his experience has been the same as mine. I don't care to live next door to a colored family or across the street and if they do come to this side of Raymond, I certainly will move out. The Negroes were further discriminated due to the fact that the white people said that the value of their property would decrease if they had Negro neighbors. Neighbors in a white community would stand together in the sense that they all agreed that they would not sell their homes to a Negro for their own selfish sakes. This is another reason why Harlem slums grew and yet another example of discrimination towards the Negroes. The creation of a Negro community within one large and solid geographic area was unique in city history. New York had never been what realtors call an "open city", a city in which Negroes lived wherever they chose, but the former Negro sections were traditionally only a few blocks in length, often spread across the island and generally interspersed with residences of white working-class families. Harlem, however, was a Negro world unto itself. A scattered handful of "marooned white families...stubbornly remained" in the Negro section, a Unites States census-taker recorded, but the mid-belly of Harlem was predominantly Negro by 1920 (Frazier 53). And the ghetto rapidly expanded. Between the First World War and the Great Depression, Harlem underwent radical changes. Practically all the older white residents had moved away; the Russian Jewish and Italian sections of Harlem, founded a short generation earlier, were rapidly being depopulated; and Negro Harlem, within the space of ten years, became the most "incredible slum" in the entire city. In 1920 James Weldon Johnson was able to predict a glowing future for this Negro community: "have you ever stopped to think what the future Harlem will be?" he wrote. "It will be the greatest Negro City in the world. And what fine part of New York City has come into possession of" (Johnson 345)! By the late 1920's, however, Harlem's former "high-class" homes offered, in the words of a housing expert, "the best laboratory for slum clearance...in the entire city." "Harlem conditions," a New York Times reporter concluded, are "simply deplorable"(Nail 134). The Harlem slum was the product of a few major urban developments. One of the most important was the deluge of Negro migration